====== 1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise ====== {{sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:iir-data_1.a.3.ai_ii_1990-2023_public.xlsx | NFR-specific inventory data }} ===== Short description ===== ^ Category Code ^ Method ^ AD ^ EF | | 1.A.3.a i (ii) | T1, T2, T3 | NS, M | CS, D, M | | {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} |||| ---- ^ NOx ^ NMVOC ^ SO2 ^ NH3 ^ PM2.5 ^ PM10 ^ TSP ^ BC ^ CO ^ Heavy Metals ^ PCDD/F ^ B(a)P ^ B(b)F ^ B(k)F ^ I(x)P ^ PAH1-4 | HCB | PCBs | | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | NE | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | NA | NA | | {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}} |||||||||||||||||| In NFR category //1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise// emissions from international flights from German airports during cruise stage (above 3,000 feet of altitude) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific activity data, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided. ===== Methodology ===== ==== Actitvity Data ==== Specific jet kerosene consumption during cruise-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the superordinate chapter on civil aviation. __Table 1: annual jet kerosene consumption during cruise-stage, in terajoules__ | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^ ^ Jet kerosene | 151,464 | 186,663 | 244,893 | 291,217 | 306,393 | 306,085 | 332,321 | 368,575 | 379,883 | 375,395 | 173,974 | 232,895 | 348,273 | 362,152 | ^ Avgas | 334 | 158 | 153 | 94.5 | 76.5 | 77.3 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 11.5 | 4.94 | 9.07 | 10.1 | 26.6 | source: Allekotte et al. (2024) [(ALLEKOTTE2024)] and Gores (2024) [(GORES2024)] {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai(ii)_ad_ker.png?800 | Annual jet kerosene consumption }} After a strong decrease during the Covid-19 pandemic, flight activity and, hence, fuel consumption show a ongoing "recovery" being close to pre-pandemic levels again in 2022. ==== Emission factors ==== All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 [(KNOERR2010)] and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2024c)]. For more information, please see the superordinate chapter on civil aviation. __Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ__ | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^ | **JET KEROSENE** ||||||||||||||| ^ NH3 | 3.98 | 3.95 | 3.95 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | ^ NMVOC | 13.5 | 9.09 | 6.13 | 5.33 | 4.72 | 4.44 | 4.24 | 4.30 | 4.41 | 4.35 | 4.49 | 4.13 | 4.21 | 4.13 | ^ NOx | 313 | 316 | 328 | 337 | 351 | 365 | 370 | 372 | 373 | 375 | 379 | 378 | 378 | 375 | ^ SOx | 19.7 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | ^ BC | 1.87 | 1.94 | 2.02 | 1.92 | 1.80 | 1.71 | 1.72 | 1.72 | 1.73 | 1.71 | 1.68 | 1.76 | 1.77 | 1.79 | ^ PM | 3.90 | 4.04 | 4.20 | 4.00 | 3.75 | 3.57 | 3.59 | 3.58 | 3.60 | 3.57 | 3.50 | 3.67 | 3.69 | 3.73 | ^ CO | 74.4 | 62.1 | 48.5 | 42.6 | 38.1 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 35.0 | 34.4 | 35.1 | 34.8 | 34.6 | 37.4 | | **AVGAS** ||||||||||||||| ^ NH3 | NE |||||||||||||| ^ NMVOC | 593 | 592 | 599 | 601 | 600 | 602 | 594 | 593 | 572 | 563 | 543 | 589 | 591 | 601 | ^ NOx | 147 | 147 | 148 | 149 | 148 | 150 | 150 | 149 | 135 | 130 | 118 | 146 | 148 | 149 | ^ SOx | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | ^ BC | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | ^ PM2.5, PM10 | 2.75 | 2.75 | 2.78 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 2.77 | 2.76 | 2.77 | 2.80 | 2.82 | 2.85 | 2.79 | 2.78 | 2.78 | ^ TSP | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 17.9 | ^ CO | 19,837 | 20,022 | 20,502 | 20,378 | 20,563 | 20,217 | 20,287 | 20,390 | 22,290 | 22,963 | 24,691 | 20,738 | 20,533 | 20,374 | 1 EF(TSP) also applied for PM10 and PM2.5 (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5) \\ 2 estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in EMEP/EEA (2023) [(EMEPEEA2023)], Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, Annex 3, Table A3.2 and Conclusion. For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included. For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources. ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== NFR 1.A.3.a i (ii) - International Civil Aviation - Cruise is **not included in the national emission totals** and hence **not included in the key category analysis**. ===== Recalculations ===== **Activity data** have been revised as a result of the slightly increased percental share of jet kerosene allocated to domestic flights (see description of re-calculations in super-ordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a). Here, as slightly more jet kerosene is allocated to NFR 1.A.3.a ii for 2022, the amounts allocated to NFR sub-categories 1.A.3.a i(i) and 1.A.3.a i(ii) have been decreased accordingly. __Table 3: Revised fuel-use in 1.A.3.a i (ii) 2022, in terajoules__ | ^ JET KEROSENE ^ AVGAS ^ ^ current submission | 348,273 | 10.1 | ^ previous submission | 348,315 | 10.1 | ^ absolute change | -42.1 | 0.00 | ^ relative change | -0.01% | 0.00% | In addition, rather small revisions occur for several country-specific **emission factors** derived from Allekotte et al. (2024) [(ALLEKOTTE2024)] and for 2022. __Table 4: Revised annual country-specific emission factors for jet kerosene in 1.A.3.a i (ii) and for 2022, in [kg/TJ]__ | ^ AMMONIA ^ NMVOC ^ NITROGENE OXIDES ^ SULPHUR OXIDES ^ BLACK CARBON ^ PARTICULATE MATTER ^ CARBON MONOXIDE ^ ^ current submission | 3.97 | 4.207 | 377.91 | 19.6 | 1.77 | 3.6854 | 34.6 | ^ previous submission | 3.97 | 4.206 | 377.93 | 19.6 | 1.77 | 3.6852 | 34.6 | ^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.002 | -0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0003 | 0.03 | ^ relative change | 0.00% | 0.04% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.08% | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]. ===== Uncertainties ===== For information on uncertainties, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation. ===== Planned improvements ===== For information on planned improvements, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation. [(AGEB2024>AGEB (2024): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/EBD22e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2024), Köln & Berlin, 2024)] [(BAFA2024>BAFA (2024): Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.)] [(KNOERR2012> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2012): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV): Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)] [(ALLEKOTTE2024> Allekotte et al. (2024): TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2024.)] [(GORES2024> Gores, S. (2024): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2023, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2024.)] [(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, Chapter 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, Annex 3, Table A3.2 and Conclusionhttps://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation-2023/@@download/file; Copenhagen, 2023)] [(EUROCONTROL2022> Eurocontrol (2022): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2022.)] [(DOEPELHEUER2002> Doepelheuer, A. (2002): Anwendungsorientierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung von CO, HC und Ruß aus Luftfahrttriebwerken, Dissertationsschrift des DLR, Institut für Antriebstechnik, https://elib.dlr.de/49148/, ISSN: 1434-8454, Köln, 2002.)]